General Resources

Glossary

–Adah Hetko

ADVOCACY
“We define advocacy as ‘a wide range of activities conducted to influence decision makers at various levels.’ This definition intentionally includes not only traditional advocacy work like litigation, lobbying, and public education, but also capacity building, network formation, relationship building, communication, and leadership development” (The Innovation Network).

APPLIED ETHNOMUSICOLOGY
Applied ethnomusicology has been defined as an “approach to the study of music in culture, with social responsibility and social justice as guiding principles” (Loughran 2008, 52). Applied ethnomusicologists seek to educate and “solve concrete problems affecting people and communities” (Harrison 2014, 18), in areas such as artistic representation, law, politics and ethics, medicine, development, post-conflict and post-disaster recovery (Dirksen 2012). Other names for related work include “public,” “activist,” or “engaged” ethnomusicology.

COLLECTIVE IMPACT
“Collective impact is the commitment of a group of important actors from different sectors to a common agenda for solving a specific social problem…Substantially greater progress could be made in alleviating many of our most serious and complex social problems if nonprofits, governments, businesses, and the public were brought together around a common agenda to create collective impact” (Kania and Kramer 2011).

COMMUNITY
Community is a term, with a positive connotation, used to refer to a specific group of people. Community is often used to imply direct relationships, common interests, and local concerns (Williams 1985, 54-55).

COMMUNITY MUSIC
“Community music…is an intentional approach to engage participants in active music making and musical knowing outside formal teaching and learning environments….Musicians who work this way seek to create accessible music-making experiences that emphasize creative music making and self-expression,” such as “facilitating a choir or popular music bands within the prison or health service, or working within a community to enable community members to tell their story through music, song, and movement” (Campbell and Higgins 2015, 640).

CONFIDENTIALITY
“Confidentiality is the assurance that certain information that may include a [research] subject’s identity, health, behavior, or lifestyle information, or a Sponsor’s proprietary information would not be disclosed without permission from the subject (or sponsor). Privacy is a person’s desire to control the access of others to themselves. Privacy protects access to the person, whereas confidentiality protects access to the data” (IUORC 2011).

COPYRIGHT
“Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to the authors of ‘original works of authorship’ that are fixed in a tangible form of expression. An original work of authorship is a work that is independently created by a human author and possesses at least some minimal degree of creativity. A work is ‘fixed’ when it is captured (either by or under the authority of an author) in a sufficiently permanent medium such that the work can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated for more than a short time” (U.S. Copyright Office 2017).

COPYRIGHT LAW
Copyright Law is an existing collection of laws regulating the use and transmission of intellectual and material property (U.S. Copyright Office 2017). With respect to ethnomusicology, Copyright Law applies to both written and recorded compositions.

CULTURE
Culture is used to describe the ways of life of a particular group of people, including the systems of meaning, beliefs and practices, art, music, literature and artifacts of a group (Williams 1985, 62-66).

CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
Cultural transmission is the process by which culture is given to others, most often passed down to younger generations within a community. Cultural transmission can take place in both formal settings, such as university classrooms, or informal settings, such as family gatherings. Community activists, applied ethnomusicologists, and others, often work to aid the process of cultural transmission.

DIVERSITY
“Diversity refers to differences among social groups such as ethnic heritage, class, age, gender, sexuality, ability, religion and nationality. These differences are reflected in historical experiences, language, cultural practices and traditions…Concrete and genuine knowledge of different groups, their histories, experiences, ways of making meaning, and values is important to the social justice goal of recognition and respect” (Bell 2016).

ETHNOMUSICOLOGY
“Ethnomusicology is the study of music in its cultural context. Ethnomusicologists approach music as a social process in order to understand not only what music is but why it is: what music means to its practitioners and audiences, and how those meanings are conveyed” (The Society for Ethnomusicology).

EVALUATION
Evaluation is the systematic assessment by an insider or culturally knowledgeable outsider of how a specific event or program has affected individuals, groups and communities. It takes into account the perspectives of various actors, combining both qualitative and quantitative and practical and abstract analysis. It looks to the distant future while also analyzing immediate results, keeping in mind the beginning, intermediary and final stages of a project.

FAIR USE
“Fair use is a legal doctrine that promotes freedom of expression by permitting the unlicensed use of copyright-protected works in certain circumstances” (U.S. Copyright Office 2017).

GRANT
A grant is “a sum of money given by…an organization for a specific purpose” (Oxford Dictionary). Grants are usually earned through a formal, competitive application process. Scholarships and fellowships are specific types of grants. Scholarships “usually refer to grants in support of undergraduate education, and fellowships usually refer to grants in support of post-baccalaureate projects, or to pre-baccalaureate projects pursued outside the normal curriculum” (Michigan State University).

For a glossary of foundation, nonprofit and fundraising terminology see: Foundation Center.GrantSpace Knowledge Base.
Accessed November 25, 2017. http://grantspace.org/tools/knowledge-base/Funding-Research/Definitions-and-Clarification/glossaries.

HERITAGE
Heritage is “valued objects and qualities such as historic buildings and cultural traditions that have been passed down from previous generations” (Oxford Dictionary). Cultural heritage is a form of cultural transmission that is connected with the ideas of “birthright and inheritance” (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 2007, 42). Heritage has been theorized by Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett as “a mode of cultural production in the present that has recourse to the past” (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1998, 7).

INDICATORS
In the most basic of terms, indicators are variables to measure changes. Most programs or projects in the public sector have integrated monitoring and evaluation components, and indicators are the building blocks of such components. They are highly useful to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of ongoing or completed activities within a program or project. Indicators are usually quantitative in nature, however, they are usually interpreted through data gathered through qualitative methods.

IN-KIND GIFTS
“In-kind gifts are contributions of goods or services, other than cash grants. Examples of in-kind gifts include:
– Goods, like computers, software, furniture, and office equipment, for use by your organization or for special event auctions
– Services, like meeting space, photocopy and mail services, and administrative/financial support
– Expertise, like legal, tax, or business advice; marketing and website development; and strategic planning
– Cash equivalents, like stocks, bonds, and mutual funds” (Grant Forward).

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
“In general terms, intellectual property is any product of the human intellect that the law protects from unauthorized use by others. The ownership of intellectual property inherently creates a limited monopoly in the protected property. Intellectual property is traditionally comprised of four categories: patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secrets” (Wex Legal Dictionary).

LOBBYING
Lobbying is a form of advocacy work that aims to influence a legislator on an issue (Oxford Dictionary).

MINORITIES
“Although the word “minority” implies nothing but ‘less than half (50%) of some group,’ minorities are most often understood as national minorities. The working definition used by the ICTM’s study group Music and Minorities suggests that minorities are ‘groups of people, distinguishable from the dominant group for cultural, ethnic, social, religious, or economic reasons,’” Svanibor Pettan points to minorities as one of five categories of people (along with diasporas, ethnic groups, immigrants and refugees) that “are often placed low on various power scales and thus make good cases for the discussion about empowerment through applied ethnomusicology” (Pettan 2008, 92).

MONITORING
Monitoring is the process of continuous data collection informing relevant project stakeholders on a project’s progress or deviations from the goal. Monitoring takes a form of routine assessments, and answers the basic question, ‘Are we on track to achieve our goal?’ Project stakeholders (project planners, beneficiaries, project staff, researcher) themselves conduct periodic monitoring.

MULTICULTURAL MUSIC EDUCATION
Multicultural music education is a movement away from “European-based musical content” toward “an all-inclusive curriculum comprising popular music, jazz, and music of the world’s cultures” in elementary and secondary school music education. This movement was catalyzed by increased interest in showcasing diversity and encouraged by the work of national and international organizations (Campbell and Higgins 2015, 644).

NGO, NON-PROFIT
“The term “nonprofit” refers to an organization that is not intended to make a profit.” Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), “are generally defined as nonprofit entities independent of governmental influence (although they may receive government funding). Using this basic definition, the difference between nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and NGOs is minimal. However, the term “NGO” is not typically applied to U.S.-based nonprofit organizations. Generally, the NGO label is given to organizations operating on an international level…NGO activities include, but are not limited to, environmental, social, advocacy and human rights work. They can work to promote social or political change on a broad scale or very locally. NGOs play a critical part in developing society, improving communities, and promoting citizen participation” (Foundation Center). International NGOs are sometimes referred to as INGOs.

OUTREACH
Outreach is a subset of advocacy that focuses on widening the scope of one’s work through activities such as public education, promoting advocacy work through media outlets, and building new relationships with potential collaborators.

PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is “deliberately passing off somebody else’s original expression or creative ideas as one’s own. Plagiarism can be a violation of law if copyrighted expression is taken. Often, however, plagiarism does not violate any law but marks the plagiarist as an unethical person in the political, academic, or scientific community where the plagiarism occurs.” Plagiarism can happen consciously or subconsciously (Wex Legal Dictionary).

PUNITIVE DAMAGES
“Punitive damages are awarded in addition to actual damages in certain circumstances. Punitive damages are considered punishment and are typically awarded at the court’s discretion when the defendant’s behavior is found to be especially harmful” (Wex Legal Dictionary).

SOCIAL JUSTICE
Social justice has been defined narrowly as “justice at the level of a society or state as regards the possession of wealth, commodities, opportunities, and privileges” (Oxford English Dictionary). Social justice has also been conceptualized as both a process and a goal which aims toward “full and equitable participation of all people from all social identity groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs. The process for attaining the goal of social justice should also be democratic and participatory, respectful of human diversity and group differences, and inclusive and affirming of human agency and capacity for working collaboratively with others to create change” (Bell 2016).

STEWARDSHIP
Stewardship, a concept drawn from the environmental movement, refers to the responsible management of resources. The concept of stewardship has been applied to cultural practices, including music. Cultural stewardship has also been contrasted with ownership, in order to describe practices that ensure responsible cultural transmission for the common good rather than self-interest (Titon 2009, 121-124).

SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability refers to the use of resources in such a way that they are not depleted for the future. Sustainability is relevant for advocacy through Ethnomusicology in two ways. First, “advocacy organizations need to be sustainable over the life of an issue,” which “requires strong infrastructure and robust capacity—qualities that will keep an advocacy organization viable for as long as it takes to achieve its ends” (The Innovation Network).

Second, sustainability has been used as a framework for understanding the preservation of cultural practices, including music. “Music sustainability” has been described as the process of “supporting a future for those [forms of musical expression] that musicians, communities and other stakeholders feel are worth maintaining and developing as they choose, and which are currently at risk due to a range of circumstances beyond their control” (Schippers 2016, 8).

TRADITION
Tradition refers to knowledge or practices handed down to a new generation. Tradition implies responsibility, respect, and perpetuation over a long time period, although in practice, traditions can be created in a single generation (Williams 1985, 255). Like with the concept of heritage (see “heritage”), ethnomusicologists and others view traditions as constantly in development, evolving each time they are transmitted or used in a new context. This process of evolution adds meaning to traditions, and allows traditions to remain relevant.

WORLD MUSIC
World Music may be used to refer to music “of the world’s cultures,” taught with a “global view of music.” World Music is sometimes used to contrast with European classical music or other categories that are seen as strictly “Western.” As a category, World Music can sometimes be useful for developing projects such as multicultural music education curricula (Campbell 2015, 644).

World music can also refer to a genre of music that combines “Anglo-American popular musics with local musics worldwide” (Taylor 2012, 172).

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–Adah Hetko

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